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Causations of failure in megaprojects: A case study of the Ajaokuta Steel Plant project

Oluwole Alfred OLATUNJI

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第3期页码 334-346 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2018011

摘要：

This paper uses project organizational theories to draw lessons from a historic megaproject, the Ajaokuta Steel Plant (ASP). Archival reports on the ASP were explored to identify the unique attributes of the project; the political wrangling that underplayed its evolution, its economic significance and organizational impacts. Findings suggest the goals of the ASP project were, and still are, unambiguous. Failure occurred as socio-political forces aggravated the project’s complex milestones. Stakeholders were impatient with pre-project investigations. During planning, owners ignored opinions that were contrary to their expectations. While delays lingered, pressures from the global economy weakened the project’s motivation to succeed. These combined to turn the project’s outcomes into a chaotic situation that triggered dire implications. Despite about 1400% overrun in cost, the success achieved on the plant was 28% at commissioning. Contractors remained on site until eight years after commissioning. Six key elements of the 482 items in the ASP project contract were not delivered nearly 40 years on. A simplistic look at these suggests poor planning is the main problem. However, planning issues is not entirely strange in greenfield projects. The paper draws strength from project organization theories to explain what was poor about the planning. Socrates’ generic management theory was used to explain the role of leadership in the failure of the ASP project. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y explain the significance of stakeholders’ integration in megaprojects. Systems and chaos theories were used to explain the sensitivity of the ASP project to uncertainties. Narratives on these combine well to inspire stakeholders of megaprojects on where and how to seek courage in making effective plans that can help achieve success in complex projects. While normative literature only recognizes project success in a definitive perspective, this study provides insights from failure as an instrument to trigger sublime reflections.

关键词： industrial projects megaprojects Nigeria project organizational theories steel plant

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Organizational evolution of project management teams over the whole lifecycle of megaprojects: Case study

《工程管理前沿（英文）》页码 439-454 doi: 10.1007/s42524-022-0211-7

摘要： Project management teams are critical in the implementation of megaprojects, but their evolution throughout the project lifecycle has not been clearly explained. This paper explores the organizational evolution of megaproject management teams through a longitudinal retrospective case study of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge (HZMB) project. The organizational evolution is examined in terms of management objectives, management content, and organizational structure. The organizational evolution of the HZMB project management team exhibits stage differentiation with the coexistence of turbulence and stability. Changes in the external environment are the driving force for organizational evolution, whereas a flexible organizational strategy is critical in promoting this evolution. Basing on the HZMB case study, this paper summarizes six critical measures that facilitate the organizational evolution of megaproject management teams. Our findings add value to megaproject management theory and provide a better understanding of the dynamics and complexity of megaproject organizational management.

关键词： megaproject organizational evolution whole lifecycle management project management team

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Research on the Relationship between Personal-Organizational Values Fit and Job Involvement of the New

Ai-hua Huang,Guo-tao Guo,Hai-xia Qiu

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第1期页码 31-34 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2015005

摘要： To improve the management of the new generation of employees, the authors have discussed the relationship between the personal-organizational values fit and job involvement of the new generation of employees, and made perceived organizational support as a mediating variable. The empirical results found that the personal-organizational values fit had a significant positive effect on job involvement of the new generation of employees and the perceived organizational support became as the mediating variable.

关键词： personal-organizational values fit job involvement perceived organizational support new generation of employees

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ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITY, VALUE EVOLUTION, AND ORGANIZATIONAL INTEGRATION OF PROFESSIONAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURSHIP

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第10卷第1期页码 135-148 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2022464

摘要：

● The choice of a modern agriculture project was found to be rational for professional farmers to reduce interference from non-market factors. The success of this project is due to its capacity to successfully fill the structural hole in the market transaction network.

关键词： Benefit-linked mechanism featured agriculture organizational integration professional farmers rural cooperative structural hole theory

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Cooling strategies and transport theories for brain hypothermia resuscitation

LIU Jing

《能源前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第1期页码 32-57 doi: 10.1007/s11708-007-0004-z

摘要： The brain is one of the most important organs in a biological body whose normal function depends heavily on an uninterrupted delivery of oxygen. Unlike skeletal muscles that can survive for hours without oxygen, neuron cells in the brain are easily subjected to an irreversible damage within minutes from the onset of oxygen deficiency. With the interruption of cardiopulmonary circulation in many cardiac surgical procedures or accidental events leading to cerebral circulation arrest, an imbalance between energy production and consumption will occur which causes a rapid depletion of oxygen due to the interrupted blood-flow to the brain. Meanwhile, the cooling function of the blood flow on the hot tissue will be stopped, while metabolic heat generation in the tissues still keeps running for awhile. Under such adverse situations, the potential for cerebral protection through hypothermia has been intensively investigated in clinics by lowering brain temperature to restrain the cerebral oxygen demands. The reason can be attributed to the decreased metabolic requirements of the cold brain tissues, which allows a longer duration for the brain to endure reduced oxygen delivery. It is now clear that hypothermia would serve as the principal way for neurologic protection in a wide variety of emergency medicines, especially in cerebral damage, anoxia, circulatory arrest, respiratory occlusion, etc. However, although brain cooling has been found uniquely significant in clinical practices, the serious lack of knowledge on the mechanisms involved prevents its further advancement in brain resuscitation. Compared with the expanded trials in clinics, only very limited efforts were made to probe the engineering issues involved, which turns out to be a major obstacle for the successful operation of brain hypothermia resuscitation. From the viewpoint of biothermal medical engineering, the major theories and strategies for administering brain cooling can generally be classified into three categories: heat transfer, oxygen transport and cooling strategy. Aiming to provide a complete overview of the brain hypothermia resuscitation, this article comprehensively summarizes the recent progresses made in theoretical, practical and experimental techniques in the area. Particularly, attention is paid to the mathematical models to quantify the heat and oxygen transport inside the cerebral tissues. Typical cooling strategies to effectively lower brain temperature and thus decrease oxygen consumption rate in the cerebral tissues are analyzed. Approaches to deliver oxygen directly to the target tissues are discussed. Meanwhile, some future efforts worth pursuing within the area of brain cooling are suggested.

关键词： mathematical interruption hypothermia metabolic generation

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State-of-the-art on theories and applications of cable-driven parallel robots

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第17卷第3期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0693-3

摘要： Cable-driven parallel robot (CDPR) is a type of high-performance robot that integrates cable-driven kinematic chains and parallel mechanism theory. It inherits the high dynamics and heavy load capacities of the parallel mechanism and significantly improves the workspace, cost and energy efficiency simultaneously. As a result, CDPRs have had irreplaceable roles in industrial and technological fields, such as astronomy, aerospace, logistics, simulators, and rehabilitation. CDPRs follow the cutting-edge trend of rigid–flexible fusion, reflect advanced lightweight design concepts, and have become a frontier topic in robotics research. This paper summarizes the kernel theories and developments of CDPRs, covering configuration design, cable-force distribution, workspace and stiffness, performance evaluation, optimization, and motion control. Kinematic modeling, workspace analysis, and cable-force solution are illustrated. Stiffness and dynamic modeling methods are discussed. To further promote the development, researchers should strengthen the investigation in configuration innovation, rapid calculation of workspace, performance evaluation, stiffness control, and rigid–flexible coupling dynamics. In addition, engineering problems such as cable materials, reliability design, and a unified control framework require attention.

关键词： cable-driven parallel robot kinematics optimization dynamics control

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动态组织可持续性分析及在世博会国际建设协调中的应用研究

施骞,卢昱杰,乐云

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第1期页码 108-112

摘要：

通过分析世博会项目管理的目标体系，揭示了国际参展协调工作所面临的挑战。并以直线制、直线职能制和矩阵制组织结构为基础，结合上海世博会国际参展协调工作的特点，兼顾组织运行效率、组织成本和人力资源配置等组织设计的影响因素，提出了动态演进式的组织结构优化模式。

关键词：上海世博会动态演进式组织结构项目管理

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The psychology of organizational and social sustainability

Wei-Tau LEE, Hao ZHANG, Kenneth H. FUNK II

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第3期页码 336-350 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0029-0

摘要： This paper presents 12 dimensions of work with the aim of providing further understanding of the relationship between work and the psychological well-being of workers. Previous research has indicated that these dimensions are significant in establishing such a relationship, which is essential to creating good work. These dimensions are also influential in their effect on the psychological state of workers and are translated specifically into actionable items in the workplace. A hypothetical system model is developed to relate these dimensions to one another, to workers, and to organizations. This set of dimensions also serves as a basis for further development of work design and evaluation tools.

关键词： work design work dimensions psychological factors good work

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Understanding barriers to BIM implementation: Their impact across organizational levels in relation to

Sander SIEBELINK, Hans VOORDIJK, Maaike ENDEDIJK, Arjen ADRIAANSE

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第2期页码 236-257 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0088-2

摘要： This multiple case study of a contracting firm contributes to understanding the barriers that organizations face during the implementation of building information modeling (BIM) by providing insights into the impact of these barriers across different organizational levels (i.e., from top management to project teams) and by relating these barriers to different degrees of BIM maturity. First, we observe the dominance of barriers related to the motivation, competence, and time capacity of people across all levels of an organization. Second, the cluster of barriers at the middle-management level highlights the important role of this level in reducing these barriers. Third, only those cases with a low level of BIM maturity have struggled with lack of top management support, thereby highlighting the importance of such support in achieving BIM maturity growth. High BIM maturity situations are more prone to externally oriented barriers in attempting to further leverage the benefits of BIM. Our study provides insights on where to focus BIM implementation measures and how to enhance organizational BIM maturity.

关键词： building information modeling implementation barriers maturity organizational levels

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Establishing distinctive theories and methods of design science rooted in Chinese traditional culture

Huijun ZOU, Qinghua LIANG

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第15卷第3期页码 430-437 doi: 10.1007/s11465-019-0583-5

摘要： The human social development saw the formation of five unique civilizations, with the latter forming their own distinctive cultures. China’s traditional culture is its most fundamental ideological weapon for solving problems. The Chinese are good at comprehensive thinking, dialectical thinking, and systematic analysis. These ideological weapons can solve the problems of formal science and technology and create scientific and technological achievements on par with global advanced scale. Ancient China is filled with original scientific and technological achievements, which strongly prove ancient China’s possession of its own science and technology different from that of Western Renaissance. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of science, technology, experience, and intuition is necessary. The long-held superstition regarding the West, the lack of confidence, self-denial, blind imitation of ideas, and shackles must be thrown away. Only then can we take the road toward an authentic Chinese creative design as we learn from others.

关键词： traditional Chinese culture comprehensive thinking systematic analysis Needham’s Grand Question ancient Chinese scientific and technological achievements design driving innovation design theoretical thinking design dialectical methods

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Inheritance and Innovation of Engineering Management Informatization

Kai Sun,Ren-huai Liu

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2014年第1卷第1期页码 76-82 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2014014

摘要： In the life-cycle of large projects, the operational phase lasts the longest, costs the most and substantially benefits the project. During the whole phase, energy, material and human resources may cost a lot. Effective control of such costs is one of the main targets of engineering management informatization. How to lower the organization collaboration cost in project management and how to support effective collaboration among different areas, organizations and departments in the ways of technology and management are major goals in engineering management informatization. In the phase of project operation, project owners, partners and customers are the stakeholders of engineering management informatization. Through the case of airport management informatization, inherited and innovation of engineering management informatization will be discussed. It is illustrated that airport informatization is the innovation of business model and technology applications through the analysis and study on cases of airport informatization.

关键词： engineering management informatization inter-organizational relationship management creation resource sharing

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2018人工智能2.0特刊：理论与应用 Editorial

Yun-he PAN

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第19卷第1期页码 1-2 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1810000

摘要： 2017年7月，中国政府发布了人工智能（AI）开发指南，即《新一代人工智能发展规划》。该计划拟分三步走，推进中国人工智能研发，其目标是在2030年，中国人工智能理论、技术和应用总体达到世界领先水平，成为世界主要的人工智能创新中心。根据新一代人工智能发展规划，要瞄准大数据智能、跨媒体计算、人机混合智能、群体智能、自主无人化决策、类脑计算、量子智能计算等人工智能基础理论进行深入研究，取得突破。下一代人工智能具有从数据和经验中无限（自我）学习、直觉推理、自适应等特点（Pan, 2016, 2017）。为克服现有人工智能的局限，人们普遍认识到，跨学科领域合作是人工智能真正影响世界的关键因素。本期特刊主要涵盖如下5个方面主题：（1）人工智能基本理论问题，如可解释性深度学习和无监督学习（即领域自适应学习和生成对抗性学习）；（2）类脑学习，如脉冲神经网络和记忆增强推理；（3）人在回路智能学习，如众包设计和数字大脑；（4）创意智能应用，如社交聊天机器人（即小冰）和自动语音识别；（5）卡耐基梅隆大学Raj Reddy博士分享了他对新一代人工智能的看法，加州大学伯克利分校郁彬教授主张在人机协作中使用统计概念以提升智能，中国科学院程健研究员等综述了深度神经网络加速方法。

关键词： None

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复杂系统智能控制：理论与应用 Editorial

Jie CHEN, Ben M. CHEN, Jian SUN

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第20卷第1期页码 1-3 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1910000

摘要：复杂系统是指由多个不同的、自治的且相互作用的子系统组成的系统。正如亚里士多德所说，“整体大于部分之和”，复杂系统的性质并非其子系统性质的简单加和。复杂系统概念非常广泛，包括人脑、鸟类编队飞行、电网、交通系统、社交网络、通讯网络，等等。复杂系统具有高度非线性、涌现性、自适应性、自组织等特征，这些特征使得复杂系统难于精确建模，难于理解，难于控制。对于智能控制，目前学术界还没有公认的定义。一般来讲，智能控制是指一类应用模糊逻辑、神经网络、进化计算、机器学习、群体智能等人工智能技术的控制方法。智能控制往往从物理、数学、生物学、神经学等领域汲取思想，实现对不确定环境中复杂过程的有效控制。智能控制是一种多学科交叉的前沿技术，综合了控制理论、计算机科学、人工智能、信息论等多个领域的知识。智能控制在传统控制方法不能胜任的领域往往可以取得良好控制效果。为此，中国工程院院刊《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》组织了“复杂系统与智能控制”专刊。本期专刊目的在于进一步促进该领域研究，展示该领域最新研究进展，特别是在基础理论与应用方面的成果。经过严格同行评议，精心挑选了11篇来自世界各地的论文，包括1篇综述，10篇研究论文。电网作为一种典型复杂系统，给人民日常生活带来巨大变革，对电网进行精确、快速且鲁棒的状态估计无疑具有重要意义。王钢等全面深入地综述了电网状态估计的最新研究进展，着重介绍了非凸状态估计问题的最优解或近似最优解求取方法，并展望了未来的研究方向。区域覆盖是移动机器人非常重要的应用之一。为解决移动机器人区域覆盖的路径规划问题，高冠强与辛斌提出一种基于拍卖机制的生成树覆盖算法。与现有方法相比，对布局复杂的大规模区域，该方法更加有效且用时更短。蛇形机器人是一种模仿生物蛇运动形态的仿生机器人。为使蛇形机器人像生物蛇一样敏捷，蛇形机器人的步态生成与运动控制是两个需要考虑的重要因素。针对蛇形机器人，欧阳文娟等提出一种仿生控制算法。该算法包括中枢模式发生器、小脑模型神经网络控制器和比例微分（PD）控制器。仿真和实验结果表明该方法具有良好适应性和控制效果。姚宁诗等展示了一款由佐治亚理工学院研发的气球机器人。该气球机器人被用于支持室内人机交互等方面的实验研究工作。采取基于深度神经网络的算法，可以有效检测人脸，跟踪人的运动并识别人的手势。实验结果表明，该气球机器人具有可靠的检测与跟踪能力。执行控制是机器人结构设计中的关键环节，对机器人系统最终质量具有重要影响。Martin Molina等提出一种通用执行控制方法。实验结果验证了该方法的正确性、可行性与有效性。近年来，多智能体系统受到国内外学者广泛关注。编队控制是多智能体协同控制中非常重要的研究方向。冉茂鹏等考虑了具有未知非线性动态与外界扰动的多智能体系统时变队形跟踪控制问题。设计了扩张状态观测器估计系统的总扰动，并提出一种基于扩张状态观测器的队形跟踪协议。将所提算法应用于多无人机目标合围问题，验证了所提理论方法的有效性。吕茂斌和刘璐研究了一类二阶异构非线性多智能体系统的领航—跟随问题，提出一类仅依赖于多智能体相对状态的分布式算法。近年来，无人机已广泛应用于侦察、搜索与救援、监控、环境监测、包裹快递、农业服务等领域。在所有无人机中，四旋翼无人机最为流行。四旋翼无人机的导航与控制问题受到广泛关注。仲于江等针对四旋翼无人机提出一种可靠的容错跟踪控制方法。该方法应用径向基神经网络算法对模型的不确定性进行精确在线辨识，且自适应地修正参考模型，并在控制率中引入故障检测与诊断滤波器以及故障补偿项，应对执行器故障。赖叔朋等提出一种计算简便的安全飞行通道导航方法，该方法可以产生平滑且不停顿的安全飞行轨迹。作为一类复杂系统，磁悬浮飞轮在储能装置中得到广泛应用。然而，磁悬浮飞轮的控制器设计问题非常具有挑战性。吕许俊等应用基于特征建模的全系数自适应控制方法对磁悬浮飞轮进行有效控制。仿真结果表明该方法对于模型不确定性、外界扰动和延时具有很强鲁棒性。唐泽至等研究了主动磁悬浮轴承系统的干扰抑制问题，提出一种具有扰动观测器的迭代学习控制策略，该策略将传统迭代学习方法与扩张状态观测器有机结合。仿真结果表明该策略可以取得良好跟踪效果。本期专刊涵盖了复杂系统与智能控制领域的多个研究方向，包括多智能体系统编队控制、四旋翼无人机导航与控制、机器人鲁棒控制、人机交互、具有外界扰动与模型不确定性系统的控制等前沿方向。我们希望本期专刊对该领域研究人员有所启发，能够促进该领域研究进一步深入。本期专刊出版过程中，得到很多人支持，在此深表感谢。特别要感谢编辑部工作人员的大力帮助以及潘云鹤、卢锡城两位主编给予我们这次难得机会。

关键词： None

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综论大坝原型反分析及其应用

顾冲时,吴中如

《中国工程科学》 2001年第3卷第8期页码 76-81

摘要：

在研究大坝原型反分析及其应用研究现状的基础上，提出了反分析中急待解决的热点问题，并对这些热点问题进行了探讨，介绍了一些新的分析理论和方法。

关键词：大坝原型反分析应用

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Research on Multidimensional Connotations of Megaproject Construction Organization Citizenship Behavior

Qing-hua He,De-lei Yang,Yong-kui Li,Lan Luo

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第2期页码 148-153 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2015024

摘要： Based on a literature review and the context characteristics of construction megaprojects (CMPs), a multidimensional connotation model of CMP citizenship behavior was proposed, including definitions, actors, and dimensions. Organizational citizenship behavior includes Cooperation Behavior (CoB), Collaboration Behavior (ClB), Innovation Behavior (IB), Voice Behavior (VB),Conscientiousness & Dedication Behavior (CDB), Benefit Defense Behavior (BDB) and Guanxi (Relations) Maintenance Behavior (GMB). Actors were divided into three levels that were project managers (individual), participant agents (group) and project organization (network).

关键词： construction megaproject (CMP) organizational citizenship behavior connotation grounded theory